Dental fillings are a common restorative treatment used to repair teeth that have been damaged by decay, cracks, or excessive wear. The goal of a filling is to remove the damaged portion of the tooth, restore its natural shape and strength, and prevent further decay or structural breakdown. By sealing the area where bacteria can enter, fillings help preserve the remaining healthy tooth structure and maintain normal chewing and biting function. The procedure typically begins with an examination and, if needed, local anesthesia to numb the tooth and surrounding area. The dentist then removes the decayed or damaged tooth material using a dental drill or specialized instruments. Once the decay is cleared, the area is thoroughly cleaned and prepared. The chosen filling material is placed into the cavity, shaped to match the natural contours of the tooth, and hardened. Tooth-colored composite fillings are cured with a special light, while other materials harden naturally or are fabricated outside the mouth in the case of porcelain restorations. There are several types of filling materials, each with specific advantages. Composite resin fillings blend seamlessly with natural teeth and are commonly used for visible areas, though they may wear faster than metal options. Amalgam (silver) fillings are durable and cost-effective but more noticeable. Gold fillings are extremely strong and long-lasting, often lasting decades, but require multiple visits and are more expensive. Porcelain or ceramic fillings, often made as inlays or onlays, offer excellent aesthetics and durability. Glass-ionomer fillings release fluoride and are often used in low-stress areas or for temporary restorations. After the filling is placed, the dentist checks the bite and polishes the surface for comfort and smoothness. Most patients can resume normal activities immediately, though mild sensitivity to temperature or pressure is common for a short time. With proper oral hygiene and regular dental care, fillings can last many years and play a critical role in maintaining long-term dental health.