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Frozen Embryo Transfer (FET) is a fertility procedure in which embryos that were previously created through IVF and vitrified (rapidly frozen) are carefully thawed and transferred into the uterus during a specially prepared treatment cycle. FET allows patients to attempt pregnancy without repeating ovarian stimulation or egg retrieval, making it a less invasive option for future pregnancy attempts using existing embryos. The process begins with a consultation to evaluate the number and quality of frozen embryos and to review the patient’s updated medical history. During this planning stage, the care team determines the most appropriate type of transfer cycle based on medical factors, personal preferences, and scheduling needs. A transfer cycle may be natural, using the patient’s own ovulation, or hormonally substituted, using estrogen and progesterone to prepare the uterus and simulate the natural luteal phase. Endometrial preparation is a critical part of FET. In a natural cycle, ovulation is closely monitored, while in a substituted cycle, estrogen is used to promote endometrial growth followed by progesterone to support implantation. Throughout this phase, serial ultrasounds and hormonal blood tests are performed to monitor endometrial development. The goal is to achieve an endometrial thickness of approximately 7–12 millimeters with a trilaminar (three-layer) pattern and appropriate hormone levels, which are considered optimal conditions for embryo implantation. Once the endometrium is ready, the transfer cycle is optimized by precisely scheduling the transfer day according to the developmental stage of the embryo and the timing of endometrial receptivity. On the day of transfer, embryos are thawed under strictly controlled laboratory conditions. After thawing, embryologists assess embryo survival and quality before selecting the embryo(s) for transfer. The embryo transfer itself is a simple outpatient procedure that typically lasts 10–15 minutes and does not require anesthesia. Using ultrasound guidance, the embryo is gently placed into the uterus through a thin catheter. Most patients experience little to no discomfort and can resume normal daily activities shortly afterward. Following the transfer, progesterone support is continued according to the individualized treatment protocol. Patients are monitored for symptoms and overall well-being, and a blood pregnancy test is performed approximately 10–12 days after the transfer. If pregnancy is achieved, specialized medical follow-up is provided to support early pregnancy. Frozen embryo transfer has been shown to be as effective as fresh embryo transfer in many cases. Pregnancy success largely depends on the woman’s age at the time the embryos were created and frozen, as well as embryo quality and uterine receptivity. Importantly, long-term embryo freezing does not negatively affect a baby’s health or development. In most cases, single embryo transfer (SET) is recommended to reduce the risk of multiple pregnancy, particularly when high-quality or genetically tested embryos are available. The number of embryos transferred is discussed carefully with each patient, taking into account medical factors and individual preferences.
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