A spermatogram, also known as a semen analysis, is a fundamental diagnostic test used to evaluate male fertility and is a key part of infertility assessment when a couple has been unable to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse. Male factor infertility contributes to approximately 50% of infertility cases, making semen analysis an essential component of a comprehensive fertility evaluation. The test involves laboratory analysis of a semen sample to assess critical parameters related to fertility potential. These include semen volume (typically 1.5–5 ml), sperm concentration (greater than 15 million sperm per milliliter), sperm motility (more than 40% progressive movement), and sperm morphology (at least 4% normal forms), all evaluated according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The semen sample is typically obtained through masturbation into a sterile container, either at the fertility clinic or at home, provided it is delivered to the laboratory within the required time frame and under appropriate conditions. Once received, the sample is analyzed by specialized laboratory personnel using standardized WHO protocols. Results from a spermatogram help determine sperm quality and fertilizing potential and guide further evaluation or treatment decisions. Based on the findings, fertility specialists may recommend natural conception, lifestyle or medical interventions, artificial insemination, or IVF with or without ICSI, depending on the severity and type of abnormalities identified.