Total hip replacement, also called total hip arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure in which an orthopedic surgeon removes damaged or diseased parts of the hip joint and replaces them with artificial components designed to replicate normal hip movement. The hip is a ball-and-socket joint formed by the femoral head (ball) and the acetabulum (socket) in the pelvis, and damage to either surface can lead to significant pain, stiffness, and loss of mobility. This procedure is most commonly performed to treat advanced osteoarthritis but may also be recommended for rheumatoid arthritis, osteonecrosis (bone damage caused by reduced blood supply), or hip fractures resulting from trauma or underlying bone disease. Hip replacement is generally considered when pain persists despite nonsurgical treatments such as medications, physical therapy, activity modification, or assistive devices, and when symptoms interfere with daily activities, sleep, or mobility. During surgery, the surgeon makes an incision over the hip and removes the damaged bone and cartilage while preserving healthy bone. The femoral head is replaced with a prosthetic ball attached to a stem placed inside the thigh bone, and the damaged surface of the socket is replaced with an artificial liner. Prosthetic components are commonly made of metal, ceramic, and durable plastic, and may be secured using cemented, uncemented, or hybrid fixation methods depending on bone quality and patient-specific factors. Surgeons now often use refined techniques and smaller incisions to reduce soft tissue trauma and support recovery. Hip replacement is performed under general or regional anesthesia and typically takes one to two hours. After surgery, patients are monitored in a recovery area and begin guided movement soon after to reduce complications and restore function. Hospital stays vary, with some patients discharged the same day and others requiring a short inpatient stay or rehabilitation facility care. Recovery involves a structured rehabilitation program focused on strengthening muscles, improving joint mobility, and safely returning to daily activities. Many patients experience substantial pain relief and improved function within the first few months, with continued improvement over the first year. While hip replacement is considered a highly successful and durable procedure, potential risks include blood clots, infection, dislocation, fracture, nerve injury, or implant loosening over time. Long-term outcomes are generally favorable, and modern implant materials have significantly improved durability, even for younger or more active patients.