Unilateral Biportal Endoscopic (UBE) spine surgery for a single level is a minimally invasive procedure designed to relieve pressure on spinal nerves while preserving surrounding muscles and structures. It is most commonly used to treat conditions such as disc herniation, spinal stenosis, or narrowing of the nerve exit pathways when symptoms like back pain, leg pain, numbness, or weakness persist despite conservative treatment. The defining feature of UBE is the use of two small incisions that allow the surgeon to see and operate through separate portals, improving precision while minimizing tissue disruption. Before surgery, patients undergo imaging and clinical evaluation to confirm that symptoms originate from a single spinal level and are appropriate for decompression using an endoscopic approach. The procedure is performed under anesthesia, and the surgeon creates a small working space beneath the spinal muscles using continuous saline irrigation. This fluid-filled environment gently separates tissues, improves visibility, and helps control bleeding during surgery. During the operation, one small incision is used to insert an endoscope with a camera and light, providing a magnified, well-illuminated view of the spine. Through a second incision, the surgeon uses standard surgical instruments to carefully remove bone, ligament, or disc material that is compressing the nerve structures. Because the approach is unilateral and muscle-sparing, the normal anatomy of the spine is largely preserved while still allowing effective nerve decompression. After surgery, many patients experience less postoperative pain compared to traditional open spine surgery. Hospital stays are often shorter, and recovery tends to be faster due to the reduced muscle damage and smaller incisions. Patients are typically encouraged to begin gentle movement early, with activity gradually increased as symptoms improve. While outcomes depend on the underlying condition and individual healing, UBE is valued for its ability to address single-level spinal problems with less disruption and a quicker return to daily activities.